Source switched split LNA

ABSTRACT

A receiver front end capable of receiving and processing intraband non-contiguous carrier aggregate (CA) signals using multiple low noise amplifiers (LNAs) is disclosed herein. A cascode having a “common source” configured input FET and a “common gate” configured output FET can be turned on or off using the gate of the output FET. A first switch is provided that allows a connection to be either established or broken between the source terminal of the input FET of each LNA. Further switches used for switching degeneration inductors, gate capacitors and gate to ground caps for each legs can be used to further improve the matching performance of the invention.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/363,120, filed on Jul. 15, 2016, for a “SourceSwitched Split LNA”, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND (1) Technical Field

Various embodiments described herein relate to amplifiers and moreparticularly to Low noise amplifiers for use in communicationsequipment.

(2) Background

The front end of a communications receiver typically includes a lownoise amplifier (“LNA”) that is responsible for providing the firststage amplification to a signal received within the communicationsreceiver. The operational specifications of the LNA are very importantto the overall quality of the communications receiver. Any noise ordistortion in the input to the LNA will get amplified and causedegradation of the overall receiver performance. Accordingly, thesensitivity of a receiver is, in large part, determined by the qualityof the front end and in particular, by the quality of the LNA.

In some cases, the LNA is required to operate over a relatively broadfrequency band and to amplify signals having several modulated basebandor intermediate frequency (IF) signals. One example of a situation inwhich the LNA is required to amplify a received signal having multiplemodulated IF or baseband signals is the case in which an intrabandnoncontiguous carrier aggregation (CA) signal is to be received. A CAsignal can have two channels (or IF carriers) having frequencies thatare not adjacent to one another, but which lie in the same frequencyband. For example, a CA signal may have two non-adjacent channels withina cellular frequency band defined by 3rd Generation Partnership Project(3GPP), a well-known industry standard setting organization.

In the case in which a receiver is required to receive a CA signal, suchas a cellular telephone that is compliant with the Release 11 of the3GPP communications industry standard, the LNA typically amplifies thereceived signal and provides the amplified output signal to a passivesplitter. FIG. 1 is an illustration of a portion of a cellular telephonefront end in which an LNA 101 is coupled to a variable attenuator 103. Abypass switch 105 allows the variable attenuator to be optionallyshunted. The signal is then coupled to a single pole, three throw modeselector switch 107 that allows the output of the LNA 101 to beselectively coupled to only a first downconverter and baseband circuitry(DBC) 109, a second DBC 111 or both the first and the second DBC 109,111.

When the mode selector switch 107 is in the first position (i.e., SingleChannel mode 1), the output of the LNA 101 is coupled directly to thefirst DBC 109. In the second position (i.e., Split mode), the output ofthe LNA 101 is coupled through a passive power splitter 113 to both thefirst and second DBC 109, 111. In the third position (i.e., SingleChannel mode 2), the output of the LNA 101 is coupled to only the secondDBC 111.

There are several limitations that arise from the architecture shown inFIG. 1. The first limitation is the amount of isolation that can beachieved between the first and second DBC 109, 111. Typically, awell-manufactured 3 dB splitter can achieve approximately 18-20 dB ofisolation between outputs at the center frequency for which the splitter113 is designed to operate. Signals that are cross-coupled from one DBCto the other will typically result in interference and distortion thatwill result in an overall reduction in sensitivity of the receiver.

Furthermore, passive splitters typically are designed to operateoptimally in a relatively narrow frequency range. That is, passivesplitters, by their nature are narrow band devices. As the frequency ofthe signal coupled through the splitter 113 deviates from the optimalfrequency for which the splitter was designed, the output-to-outputisolation will degrade. Due to the limitations of the splitterscurrently available, and because receivers that are designed to handleCA signals must operate in a relatively broad frequency range, thedesired isolation between the DBCs 109, 111 is difficult to achieve.

Furthermore, power splitters such as the splitter 113 shown in FIG. 1,have significant loss. Since 3 dB power splitters split the power inhalf, even an ideal splitter will result in a 3 dB reduction in power.In addition, most splitters will have an additional 1.0 to 1.5 dB ofinsertion loss. The insertion loss, like the output-to-output isolation,will typically get worse as the frequency of the signals applieddeviates from the center frequency for which the splitter was designedto operate.

Still further, the losses encountered in the mode selection switch 107and the splitter 113 lead to a need for more gain. This results inreductions in linearity (as typically characterized by measuring the“third order intercept”) and degradation of the noise figure of thereceiver when operating in Split mode.

Therefore, there is a currently a need for a CA capable receiver frontend that can operate in Split mode with high output-to-output isolation,without degraded third order intercept and noise figure, and withrelatively low front end losses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A receiver front end capable of receiving and processing intrabandnon-contiguous carrier aggregate (CA) signals using multiple low noiseamplifiers (LNAs) is disclosed herein. In accordance with someembodiments of the disclosed method and apparatus, each of a pluralityof amplifiers is an LNA configured as a cascode (i.e., a two-stageamplifier having two transistors, the first configured as a “commonsource” input transistor, e.g., input field effect transistor (FET), andthe second configured in a “common gate” configuration as an outputtransistor, (e.g. output FET). In other embodiments, the LNA may haveadditional transistors (i.e., more than two stages and/or stackedtransistors). Each LNA can be turned on or off using the gate of theoutput FET. The gates of an input FET are coupled together to form acommon input. However, in some embodiments, the gates of the two FETscan be separated to allow the gate of an input FET of an LNA that is offto be independently controlled to turn off the input FET. A first switchis provided that allows a connection to be either established or brokenbetween the source terminal of the input FET of each LNA. In addition, asecond switch allows a switchable gate-to-source and/or gate to groundcapacitor to be selectively applied to the input FET of at least one ofthe LNAs. In some embodiments, an additional switch is provided thatallows a source to ground degeneration inductor to be disconnected fromthe source terminal of an input FET of an LNA that is turned off.Selectively turning the LNAs on and off allows the amplifier to operatein both a single mode and a split mode. Furthermore, use of the switchesensures that the input impedance to the amplifier is the same in singlemode and in split mode.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a front end amplifier of a prior artcommunications receiver.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a front end amplifier that uses multipleLNAs operating in either single mode or split mode.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a front end amplifier having a gatecapacitor module and using multiple LNAs.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a front end amplifier having a degenerationswitch and using multiple LNAs operating in either single mode or splitmode.

FIG. 5 illustrates a front end amplifier having degeneration switches,gate capacitor modules and using multiple LNAs operating in eithersingle mode or split mode.

FIG. 6 illustrates a method in accordance with one embodiment foramplifying a signal (e.g., a CA signal) using more than one amplifier.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of a method in accordance with one embodimentfor amplifying a signal (e.g., a CA signal) using more than oneamplifier.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a method in accordance with one embodimentfor amplifying a signal (e.g., a CA signal) using more than oneamplifier.

FIG. 9 illustrates a modification to the method of FIG. 8 in which STEPS713 and 715 are removed.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a front end amplifier 200 of acommunications receiver in which multiple low noise amplifiers (LNAs)202, 204 are used to amplify signals. Signals to be amplified arecoupled through a front end signal input terminal 206. In a first mode,referred to as “single mode”, one of the LNAs 202, 204 is turned on(i.e., is actively amplifying a signal applied to the input of the LNA202, 204). The amplified output of the active LNA 202, 204 is coupled toan output terminal 232, 234. The other LNA 204, 202 is turned off (i.e.,not actively amplifying the signal applied to the input of the LNA 204,202). In one embodiment of the disclosed method and apparatus, each LNA202, 204 comprises a pair of field effect transistors (FETs) 208, 210,and 212, 214. Each pair forms a two-stage LNA in a cascode architecture.However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that othertypes of transistors may be used, including, but not limited to, bipolarjunction transistors. Furthermore, any type of FET may be used toimplement the LNA, including, but not limited to metal-oxidesemiconductors (MOSFETs), junction field effect transistors (JFETs),insulated gate FETs (IGFETs), metal semiconductor FETs (MESFETs), etc.While some types of transistors may be better suited to particularapplications, the concepts associated with the disclosed method andapparatus do not exclude the use of any particular type of transistor.Still further, additional transistors can be included within an LNAeither as additional amplifier stages or stacked with those FETs 208,212 that are shown.

LNA control signals applied to control input terminals 216, 218 coupledto the gates of the output transistors (e.g., FETs) of the LNAimplemented by the FETs 208, 212 control whether each LNA 202, 204 is onor off (i.e., amplifying or not amplifying). In one embodiment, the LNAcontrol signals are generated by a control module, such as an LNAController 217. The LNA Controller 217 may generate the LNA controlsignals based on information regarding the types of signals that will bereceived by the amplifier 200, the content carried by the signals, orbased on user commands to select one or more channels. The LNAcontroller 217 may be a general purpose processor capable of receivingcommands and processing the commands to generate control signals to theLNAs and associated switches disclosed throughout this disclosure.Alternatively, the LNA controller 217 is a dedicated processor speciallydesigned for generating the control signals. Those skilled in the artwill understand how to make such a processor for receiving a command toenter a first mode, such as split mode, and determine the particularconfiguration of switches and LNA control signals to be generated. Insome cases, the LNA controller 217 may be as simple as a logic blockwith look-up table. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the LNAcontroller 217 may also rely upon additional information in determiningthe states of switch control and LNA control signals.

In single mode, the LNA control signal to one of the LNAs 202, 204causes that LNA to be turned on. The LNA control to the other LNA 204,202 causes that LNA to be turned off. In split mode, both LNAs 202, 204are on. It will be understood by those skilled in the art thatadditional LNAs not shown in FIG. 2 could be coupled similarly to extendthe amplifier to select additional channels using additional modes ofoperation.

Output load matching circuits 220, 222 coupled to the output ports 224,226 of each LNA 202, 204 provide a means by which the output impedancecan be matched to a load. In one case, an input matching circuit 228 isprovided to match the input impedance of the amplifier to the source.The input matching circuit 228 includes an input matching inductor withan inductance of L_(G) and an input DC block capacitor C_(i). An outputshunt capacitors 230, 231 provide a relatively low capacitive reactanceto a ground reference for signals in the frequency range of the inputsignals applied to the input of the LNAs 202, 204. In some embodiments,separate VDD supply voltage sources can be provided for each LNA inorder to increase the isolation between the LNAs 202, 204. In otherembodiments, the same source can be used to provide VDD to two or moreof the LNAs.

The front end 200 shown in FIG. 2 has an advantage over the prior artfront end in that the amplifier 200 does not require a power splitter.Therefore, the loss experienced in the prior art circuit shown in FIG. 1due to the power splitter 113 is eliminated in the circuit shown in FIG.2. In addition, the isolation between the first LNA output 232 and thesecond LNA output 234 is significantly better than the isolationprovided in the prior art front end using the power splitter 113. Thisis because the isolation between the outputs of the prior art front endis only as good as the isolation between the output ports of the powersplitter 113.

In contrast, the isolation achieved by the front end 200 shown in FIG. 2is enhanced by the fact that there is significant isolation between theoutput port 232 of the first LNA 202 and output port 234 of the secondLNA 204. Furthermore, the isolation provided by the prior art splitter113 will degrade as the frequency of one or both of the two channelsbeing amplified deviates from the center frequency at which the splitterwas designed to operate. Since the splitter may need to operate over arelatively broad frequency range in order to accommodate received CAsignals, it will typically be designed to operate optimally at thecenter frequency of the frequency band of the CA signal to be received.Accordingly, when the channels of a CA signal are separated by severalother channels, there will be less isolation between the outputs of thesplitter. In contrast, in the amplifier 200, the isolation between theoutputs of the front end will improve for signals that are separated byseveral intervening channels. That is, as the separation in frequencyincreases, the level of gain-versus-frequency overlap of one narrowband-tuned output to the other will decrease. This decrease will enhancethe isolation between the outputs. In lower gain modes of operation, theoutput isolation will improve.

However, a significant problem needs to be addressed when using two LNAsin this manner. The input impedance of the front end amplifier 200 willvary depending upon the mode in which the receiver is operated. That is,the input impedance presented in single mode will be significantlydifferent from the impedance presented in split mode largely due to adifference in gate-to-source capacitance, Cgs, of the FET transistorwhen the LNA is on and when the LNA is off. The reduction in thedifference in input impedance that is attained by using the sourceswitching split (SSS) LNA configuration can be seen in Table I, below.Table I shows that without SSS LNA, both the Real and Imaginarycomponents of the input impedance, Zin, vary widely between the mode inwhich only the FET of LNA1 is ON and the mode in which the FETs of bothLNA 1 and LNA 2 are ON. Table 1 further shows that a good input match isprovided in split mode. Accordingly, the large input mismatch iseliminated by use of the SSS LNA configuration, resulting in a singlemode input impedance that is the same as the input impedance presentedin split mode.

This large difference in input impedances will cause a large inputmismatch, which in turn creates large detrimental effects on virtuallyevery aspect of the amplifier 200 and therefore, on the entire receiverof which the amplifier 200 is a part. The affect can be an increase innoise figure, a reduction in gain, and a degradation in linearity as,for example, measured by third order intercept (IP3).

w/o SSS w/Source Switching (Split) LNA1 LNA1 + 2 LNA1 LNA1 + 2 Cgs1_sat0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 pF Cgs1_off 0.15 0 0.15 0 pF Cadd 0 0 0.05 0 pF Cp 0.20.2 0.2 0.2 pF Cgs1′ 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 Cp′ 0.35 0.2 0.2 0.2 Ls_gnd 2 2 2 2nH Linput 19 19 19 19 nH Freq 2 2 2 2 GHz FT 10 10 10 10 GHz Term_l131.9 131.9 131.9 131.9 jOhm Term_2 144.7 132.6 132.6 132.6 −jOhm Term_316.6 55.9 55.9 55.9 Total Zin_Imag 12.739 0.682 0.682 0.682 jOhm TotalZin_Real 16.617 55.851 55.851 55.851 Ohm$Z_{in} = {{j\;{\omega\left( {L_{G} + L_{1}} \right)}} + \frac{1}{j\;{\omega\left( {C_{{gs}\; 1} + C_{p}} \right)}} + {\left( \frac{C_{{gs}\; 1}}{C_{{gs}\; 1} + C_{p}} \right)^{2}\omega_{T}L_{1}}}$

Again referring to Table 1, it can be seen that in split mode (i.e.,with both LNAs amplifying the input signal), FETs of both LNAs 202, 204are on. The difference in the input impedance of the amplifier whenoperating in single mode versus the input impedance when operating insplit mode is due to the gate-to-source capacitance C_(gs) at the inputtransistor (e.g., FET) of each LNA 202, 204 being different when the LNA202, 204 is on and when it is off. When the amplifier 200 is operatingin split mode, the gates of the input FETs of each LNA 202, 204 presenta capacitance value that is the sum of the parallel capacitances C_(gs1)_(_) _(on) and C_(gs2) _(_) _(on).

The relatively large changes in the C_(gs) of the input FET 210, 214 ofeach LNA 202, 204 from the conducting state to the non-conducting stateresult in large changes in both the real and imaginary parts of theinput impedance of the amplifier 200 when operating in single modeversus split mode. This problem is addressed in the presently disclosedmethod and apparatus by providing a source switch 235 that can be closedto couple the source of the first input FET 210 to the source of thesecond input FET 214. In single mode, when the second LNA 204 is turnedoff, coupling the sources of the two FETs 210, 214 together places thecapacitance C_(gs2) _(_) _(off) of the second input FET 214 in parallelwith the capacitance C_(gs1) _(_) _(on) of the first input FET 210.

The capacitance C_(gs2) _(_) _(off) is not as large as C_(gs1) _(_)_(on). Nonetheless, closing the switch 235 to combine the capacitancesby connecting the sources of the two input FETs 210, 214 during singlemode makes the input impedance presented in split mode (i.e., when bothLNAs 202, 204 are turned on) much closer to the input impedancepresented during single mode with the switch 235 open. However, thisstill represents a large impedance change as compared to split mode.

When operating in split mode, when both input FETs 214, 210 areconducting, the gate capacitance C_(gs1) _(_) _(on) is equal to C_(gs2)_(_) _(on). Accordingly, the capacitances of the two input FETs 210, 214are placed in parallel with one another. As shown in Table 2, thiscreates a desired matched input for split mode. In split mode, thesource switch 235 is opened. Opening the source switch 235 during splitmode improves the noise isolation between the outputs 216, 218.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of another front end amplifier 300 that usesmultiple LNAs. In addition to the source switch 235, the front endamplifier 300 has at least one gate capacitance module 301 comprising agate capacitor 302 and a gate switch 304 connected in series between afirst and second terminal of the module 301. The gate switch 304 can beswitched to insert the gate capacitor 302 in parallel with the gate andsource of the input FET 210 to provide additional input capacitance whenthe second LNA 204 is off. By adding the additional capacitance of thegate capacitor 302, the input impedance during single mode more closelymatches the input impedance during split mode. Therefore, with both thegate switch 304 and the source switch 235 closed during single mode, theinput impedance will very nearly match the input impedance presentduring split mode (during which both the switches 304, 235 are opened).In single mode, the gate switch 304 and the source switch 235 areclosed. In split mode, the gate switch 304 and the source switch 235 areopen.

In other embodiments, additional gate capacitance module 301 is placedbetween the gate and the source of the FET 214 or both FETs 210, 214.The primary advantage of the additional gate capacitance module 301 isthat either LNA 202 or 204 can be operated in single mode and the LNA,204 or 202 that is off can have its input impedance compensated. Sincethese LNAs may well be dedicated to certain channels, it is desirable tobe able to use all possible combinations of them being either on or off.

When gate capacitors 302 are placed at the source of both FETs 210, 214,the total capacitance to be placed in the circuit can be distributedbetween the two gate capacitors 302. In addition, the gate capacitors302 and the gate switches 304 within each gate capacitance module 301can be placed in series between the gate and the source in either order.That is, the switch 304 can be coupled directly to the gate of the FET210, 214 and the capacitor 302 coupled directly to the source of the FET210, 214. Alternatively, the capacitor 302 can be coupled directly tothe gate of the FET 210, 214 and the switch 304 coupled directly to thesource of the FET 210, 214.

In other embodiments, an additional or alternative gate capacitancemodule 301 forming a selectable capacitance to ground can be placedbetween the gates of the FETs 210, 214 and ground. Additional gatecapacitance modules 301 can also be placed at various points along theconductor that couples the gates of the FETs 210, 214 to providedistributed capacitance that can be selectively employed. Suchadditional gate capacitance modules 301 can be used in some embodimentsand not in others, as indicated by the fact that the modules 301 areshown using dotted lines.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of yet another front end amplifier 400 thatuses multiple LNAs. The front end amplifier 400 is essentially the sameas the front end amplifier 200 shown in FIG. 2. However, the front endamplifier 400 has at least a first degeneration switch 402 to disconnecta degeneration component, such as a first degeneration inductor 238,from the second LNA 204 during single mode. In some embodiments, asecond degeneration switch 404 is placed between the source of the firstFET 210 and a second degeneration component, such as a seconddegeneration inductor 236, to allow the degeneration inductor 236 to beremoved from the LNA 400. Accordingly, selection can be made as to whichinductor 236, 238 to remove during single mode. The second degenerationswitch 404 is shown using dotted lines to indicate that it is not in allembodiments. It will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art thateither of the two degeneration switches 402, 404 can be provided aloneor the two switches 402, 404 may both be provided together. That is, thefact that the degeneration switch 404 is shown using dotted lines ratherthan also showing the degeneration switch 402 using dotted lines ismerely for the sake of expedience and is not intended to indicate thatone of the switches 402, 404 is preferred over the other.

Disconnecting a degeneration inductor 236, 238 when the source switch235 is closed provides operating conditions for the active LNA 210, 214that more closely matches the operating conditions provided to each LNA210, 214 during split mode when the source switch 235 is open. That is,when the source switch 235 is open during split mode, each LNA 202, 204sees only the inductance of the one degeneration inductor 236, 238 thatis coupled to the respective source of the input FET 210, 214 associatedwith that LNA 202, 204. Without opening either of the degenerationswitches 402, 404 during single mode, the short through the sourceswitch 235 will put the two degeneration inductors 236, 238 in parallel,reducing their total effective inductance. Therefore, the inductance atthe source of the active LNA 202, 204 would be twice what is present insplit mode. However, by opening one of the degeneration switches 402,404 in single mode, the active LNA 202, 214 operating in single mode hasan inductive load between the source and ground that is equal to theinductance of just one of the degeneration inductors 236, 238, thus moreclosely matching the inductance presented during split mode. Providing asecond degeneration switch 404 provides flexibility as to whichinductance to present at the source of the active input FET 210, 214 nomatter which LNA 202, 204 is turned on during single mode.

FIG. 5 illustrates yet one more embodiment of a front end amplifier 500using multiple LNAs capable of operating in either single mode or splitmode. In the front end amplifier 500, at least one of the degenerationswitches 402, 404 are provided. In addition, one embodiment of the frontend amplifier 500 has a gate capacitance module 301 comprising a gatecapacitor 302 and gate switch 304, similar to that shown in FIG. 3.Alternatively, or in addition, the front end amplifier 500 has at leastone gate capacitance module 301 coupled between the gate of the inputFETs 210, 214 and ground. As is the case of the front end amplifier 300shown in FIG. 3, the gate capacitance modules 301 are shown in dottedline to indicate that they are optional or alternatives to the gatecapacitance module 301 comprising the capacitor 302 and associatedswitch 304. Additionally, as noted above with respect to the front endamplifier 300, the order of the series capacitor and switches within thegate capacitance modules 301 will not affect the operation. Therefore,each capacitor and associated switch may be coupled in series withoutregard for whether the switch or the capacitor is coupled to the gate ofthe FETs 210, 214.

It should be noted that for the sake of simplifying the figures, the LNAController 217 of FIG. 2 is not explicitly shown in FIGS. 3-5. However,those skilled in the art will understand that an LNA Controller similarto 217 shown in FIG. 2 can be used to generate the LNA control signalsfor each of the LNAs, as well as to control the opening and closing ofthe various switches 235, 304, 402, 404 discussed throughout the abovedisclosure.

In accordance with one embodiment of the disclosed method and apparatus,the switches 235, 304, 402, 404 can be manufactured in accordance withtechniques provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,804,502 (the “502 patent”), whichis incorporated by reference herein, and disclosed in other relatedpatents. Additional improvements in the performance of one or more ofthe switches 235, 304, 402, 404 can be attained by implementing thetechniques provided in U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,993 (the “993 patent”), whichis incorporated by reference herein, and disclosed in other relatedpatents. Use of such high performance switches reduces the non-linearityof the switches and thus the adverse effects of such switches on theperformance of the receiver. However, in many implementations, it may bepossible to use switches that have performance characteristics (i.e.,linearity, return loss, switching speed, ease of integration, etc.) thatare not as good as the characteristics of switches made in accordancewith the techniques disclosed in the '502 and '993 patents. Accordingly,each or some of the switches disclosed above can be implemented usingany combination of one or more transistors, including FETs, bipolarjunction transistors (BJTs), or any other semiconductor switch.Alternatively, the switches can be implemented by electromechanical orMEMs (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) technologies.

Methods

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a method in accordance with one embodimentfor amplifying a signal (e.g., a CA signal) using more than oneamplifier. The signal is applied to the input of the amplifiers [STEP601]. In some embodiments, the signal includes a first and a secondnon-adjacent channel. The first and second channels are considered to benon-adjacent if there is at least a narrow frequency range between thedefined end of the frequency range of the first channel and the definedbeginning of the frequency range of the second channel. Typically, atleast a third channel is defined within the frequency range between theend of the first and beginning of the second channel. The frequencyrange of a channel is typically defined by industry standards, but insome cases may be defined by the 3 dB frequency range of filterscommonly used to receive signals transmitted over the channel.

The method further includes selecting between a single mode or a splitmode [STEP 603]. In one embodiment, the selection between single modeand split mode is made by turning on a first LNA 202 and turning off asecond LNA 204 to select single mode [STEP 605]. In one such embodiment,the first LNA 202 is turned on by applying an LNA control signal to afirst control input terminal 216 coupled to the gate of an output FET,such as the FET 208 shown in FIGS. 2-5. The second LNA 204 is turned offby applying an LNA control signal to a second control input terminal218. Similarly, the selection of split mode is made by applying LNAcontrol signals to the control terminals 216, 218 to turn both LNAs 202,204 on [STEP 607].

The method further includes coupling the source of an input FET of thefirst LNA 202, such as FET 210 and the source of an input FET of thesecond LNA 204, such as the FET 212, during single mode [STEP 609] anddecoupling the two sources during split mode [STEP 611]. In one suchembodiment, a source switch 235 is closed in single mode and opened insplit mode. When closed, the source switch 235 couples the two sourcesof the input FETs 210, 212.

Another embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 further includes placing acapacitor, such as the gate capacitor 302, between the gate and thesource of the input FETs 210, 212 during single mode [STEP 713]. In oneembodiment, the capacitor is so placed by closing a gate switch 304. Thecapacitor is disconnected by opening the gate switch 304 during splitmode [STEP 715]. One such embodiment further includes selecting thecapacitance value of the gate capacitor such that the input impedanceseen looking into the amplifier is essentially the same during singlemode and during split mode. Stated another way, the capacitance of thegate capacitor is selected such that the capacitive load placed on thesignal source coupled to the amplifier input is the same in single modewith the gate switch closed and in split mode with the gate switch open.

In yet another embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the method includes opening adegeneration switch 402, 404 during single mode to disconnect the sourceof an input FET 210, 214 of an inactive LNA 202, 214 from degenerationcomponent, such as an inductor 236, 238 or other reactive circuit [STEP817]. The method may further includes closing a first degenerationswitch 402 and opening a second degeneration switch 404 in a firstsingle mode and opening the first degeneration switch 402 and closingthe second degeneration switch 404 in a second single mode. In oneembodiment, such a method further includes turning on the first LNA 202and turning off the second LNA 204 in the first single mode. The methodmay further include turning on the second LNA 204 and turning off thefirst LNA 202 in the second single mode. In split mode, the degenerationcomponents 236, 238 are connected to the source of the input FETs 210,214 [STEP 819].

As shown in FIG. 9, in some embodiments the method illustrated in FIG. 8can be modified to remove STEPS 713 and 715. Nonetheless, the sources ofthe input FETs 210, 214 are coupled during single mode and thedegeneration components are disconnected from the source of one of theinput FETs 210, 214. In split mode, the sources of the input FETs 210,214 are disconnected and the degeneration components 236, 238 areconnected to the source of the respective input FETs 210, 214.

Fabrication Technologies and Options

As should be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art,various embodiments of the claimed invention can be implemented to meeta wide variety of specifications. Unless otherwise noted above,selection of suitable component values is a matter of design choice andvarious embodiments of the claimed invention may be implemented in anysuitable IC technology (including but not limited to MOSFET and IGFETstructures), or in hybrid or discrete circuit forms. Integrated circuitembodiments may be fabricated using any suitable substrates andprocesses, including but not limited to standard bulk silicon,silicon-on-insulator (SOI), silicon-on-sapphire (SOS), GaN HEMT, GaAspHEMT, and MESFET technologies. However, in some cases, the inventiveconcepts claimed may be particularly useful with an SOI-basedfabrication process (including SOS), and with fabrication processeshaving similar characteristics.

A number of embodiments of the claimed invention have been described. Itis to be understood that various modifications may be made withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, someof the steps described above may be order independent, and thus can beperformed in an order different from that described. Further, some ofthe steps described above may be optional. Various activities describedwith respect to the methods identified above can be executed inrepetitive, serial, or parallel fashion. It is to be understood that theforegoing description is intended to illustrate and not to limit thescope of the claimed invention, which is defined by the scope of thefollowing claims, and that other embodiments are within the scope of theclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An amplifier including: (a) plurality of lownoise amplifiers (LNA), each including; an input transistor and anoutput transistor; (b) at least two control input terminals, eachcoupled to an output transistor of a corresponding one of the LNAs; (c)at least one source switch connecting source terminals of the inputtransistors of at least two of the LNAs during a first mode of operationand disconnecting the source terminals during at least a second mode ofoperation; and (d) a gate capacitance module, the gate capacitancemodule having a first and second terminal, the first terminal coupled tothe gate of an associated one of the input transistors and the secondterminal coupled to the source of the associated input transistor. 2.The amplifier of claim 1, wherein signals coupled to the control inputterminals turn the corresponding LNA on and off.
 3. The amplifier ofclaim 1, further including at least a second gate capacitance module,each additional gate capacitance module having a first and secondterminal, the first terminal coupled to the gate of an associated one ofthe input transistors and the second terminal coupled to the source ofthe associated input transistor.
 4. The amplifier of claim 1, furtherincluding a control module having at least one switch control signaloutput, wherein each gate capacitance module has a switch control signalinput to which a corresponding switch control signal output is coupled.5. The amplifier of claim 1, wherein each gate capacitance moduleincludes a gate capacitor and a gate switch coupled in series betweenthe first terminal and the second terminal of the gate capacitancemodule.
 6. The amplifier of claim 5, wherein the gate switch is openwhen the associated transistor is conducting and closed when theassociated transistor is not conducting.
 7. An amplifier including: (a)plurality of low noise amplifiers (LNA), each including; an inputtransistor and an output transistor; (b) at least two control inputterminals, each coupled to an output transistor of a corresponding oneof the LNAs; (c) at least one source switch connecting source terminalsof the input transistors of at least two of the LNAs during a first modeof operation and disconnecting the source terminals during at least asecond mode of operation; and (d) at least one gate capacitance module,each gate capacitance module having a first and second terminal, thefirst terminal coupled to the gate of an associated one of the inputtransistors and the second terminal coupled to ground.
 8. The amplifierof claim 7, further including a control module having at least oneswitch control signal output, wherein each gate capacitance module has aswitch control signal input to which a corresponding switch controlsignal output is coupled.
 9. The amplifier of claim 7, wherein each gatecapacitance module includes a gate capacitor and a gate switch coupledin series between the first terminal and the second terminal of the gatecapacitance module.
 10. The amplifier of claim 9, wherein the gateswitch is open when the associated input transistor is on and closedwhen the associated input transistor is off.
 11. A plurality of lownoise amplifiers (LNA), each including: (a) an input transistor and anoutput transistor; (b) at least two control input terminals, eachcoupled to an output transistor of a corresponding one of the LNAs; and(c) at least one source switch connecting source terminals of the inputtransistors of at least two of the LNAs during a first mode of operationand disconnecting the source terminals during at least a second mode ofoperation; (d) a degeneration component; and (e) a degeneration switchcoupled in series with the degeneration component, the seriescombination of the degeneration component and degeneration switchcoupled between the source of one of the input transistors and circuitground, wherein the degeneration switch is open when the source switchis closed and closed when the source switch is open.
 12. The amplifierof claim 11, wherein the degeneration component is a degenerationinductor.
 13. The amplifier of claim 11, further including at least asecond degeneration component and a second degeneration switch, thesecond degeneration component and second degeneration switch coupled inseries between the source of a second input transistor and ground, andthe second degeneration switch being closed when the first degenerationswitch is open.
 14. The amplifier of claim 11, further including acontrol module having a switch control signal output, wherein thedegeneration switch has a switch control signal input to which theswitch control signal output is coupled.
 15. The amplifier of claim 1,further including: (a) a degeneration component; (b) a degenerationswitch coupled in series with the degeneration component, the seriescombination of the degeneration component and degeneration switchcoupled between the source of one of the input transistors ground. 16.The amplifier of claim 15, wherein the degeneration component is aninductor.
 17. The amplifier of claim 15, wherein each gate capacitancemodule includes a gate capacitor and a gate switch coupled in seriesbetween the first terminal and the second terminal of the gatecapacitance module, wherein the degeneration switch is open when thesource switch is closed and closed when the source switch is open andwherein the gate switch is closed when the source switch is closed andopen when the source switch is open.
 18. The amplifier of claim 15,further including at least a second degeneration inductor and a seconddegeneration switch, wherein each gate capacitance module includes agate capacitor and a gate switch coupled in series between the firstterminal and the second terminal of the gate capacitance module, whereinthe degeneration switch is open when the source switch is closed andclosed when the source switch is open, wherein the gate switch is closedwhen the source switch is closed and open when the source switch is openand wherein the second degeneration inductor and second degenerationswitch are coupled in series between the source of a second inputtransistor and ground, and the second degeneration switch being closedwhen the first degeneration switch is open.
 19. The amplifier of claim15, further including a control module having switch control signaloutputs, wherein the degeneration switch has a switch control signalinput to which one of the switch control signal outputs is coupled andeach gate capacitance module has a switch control signal input to whichone of the switch control signal outputs is coupled.
 20. A method foramplifying a signal in more than one amplifier including: (a) couplingthe signal to be amplified to the input of at least a first and secondLNA, each LNA having an input transistor having a first terminal towhich the input signal is applied, a second terminal and a thirdterminal; (b) turning on the first and second LNAs during a first mode;(c) opening a switch between the second terminal of the first transistorand the second terminal of the second transistor during the first mode;(d) turning off one of the first and second transistors during a secondmode; and (e) closing the switch between the first and second transistorin the second mode.
 21. The method of claim 20, further includingclosing a gate switch to place a capacitance between the first terminalof the first transistor and the second terminal of the first transistorduring the second mode when the LNA having the first transistor is off.22. The method of claim 21, further including opening the switch toremove the capacitor from between the first terminal of the firsttransistor and the second terminal of the first transistor during thefirst mode.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the capacitance of thecapacitor is selected such that the input impedance seen looking intothe LNA is essentially the same during the first mode as during thesecond mode.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein the first and secondtransistor are field effect transistors and the first terminal is thegate, the second terminal is the source and the third terminal is thedrain.
 25. The method of claim 20, further including closing a gateswitch to place a capacitor between the first terminal of the firsttransistor and ground during the second mode if the LNA having the firsttransistor is off.
 26. The method of claim 25, further including openinga switch to disconnect a capacitor from between the first terminal ofthe first transistor and ground during the first mode.
 27. The method ofclaim 26, wherein the capacitance of the capacitor is selected such thatan input impedance seen looking into the LNA is essentially the sameduring the first mode as during the second mode.
 28. The method of claim26, wherein the first and second transistor are field effect transistorsand the first terminal is the gate, the second terminal is the sourceand the third terminal is the drain.
 29. The method of claim 22, furtherincluding opening a first degeneration switch to disconnect the secondterminal of one of the first and second transistors from ground whenchanging from the first mode to the second mode.
 30. The method of claim29, further including closing a gate switch to place a capacitor betweenthe first terminal of the first transistor and the second terminal ofthe first transistor during the second mode.
 31. The method of claim 29,further including opening a switch to disconnect a capacitor frombetween the first terminal of the first transistor and the secondterminal of the first transistor during the first mode.
 32. The methodof claim 29, further including closing a gate switch to place acapacitor between the first terminal and the ground during the secondmode.
 33. The method of claim 29, further including opening a switch todisconnect a capacitor from between the first terminal of the firsttransistor and ground during the first mode.